Automated author identification is one of the important fields in forensic linguistics. In this study, the effectiveness of systemic functional grammar (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) features in Persian authorship attribution was compared with that of function words. First, a corpus composed of documents written by seven contemporary Iranian authors was collected. Second, a list of function words was extracted from the corpus. Moreover, conjunction, modality and comment adjunct system networks were applied to form a lexicon using linguistics resources. Then, the relative frequency of function words in addition to systemic functional features were calculated in each document. Multilayer perceptron classifier, a type of neural network, was used for learning phase which resulted in a desirable accuracy in evaluation phase. The results of the study showed that using function words method is superior to systemic functional approach alone in Persian author identification, however, simultaneous use of the two methods increases the effectiveness in comparison to each alone. Introduction Recently, automated author identification has become a key focus for forensic linguistics. Author identification involves determining the writer of a text from a set of potential authors. The text in question could be a threatening letter, an email, a literary work, or a scientific article or book. The basis for author identification rests on the idea that different authors may write about the same topic using overlapping, yet distinct, lexico-grammatical units—an issue referred to as idiolect (Coulthard, 2004). The first significant attempt to identify writing styles was Mendenhall's study of Shakespeare's plays (1887). The play Henry VIII is widely recognized as a collaborative work, not solely authored by William Shakespeare. Plechac (2020) investigated the use of accent or stress to identify the contributions of other authors to the play. In Persian, several studies have been conducted to determine authorship (Farahamandpour et al., 2013; Arefi et al., 2021). These studies utilized repetitive features, such as lexical richness, frequency of syntactic groups, collocations, and the relative frequency of punctuation marks, to detect writing styles. Measuring the frequency of function words is one valid method for author identification. Function words, which have limited meanings, indicate the functional relationships between components of a sentence. Golshaie (2019) and Dabagh (2007) applied the frequency of Persian function words to identify authors. This study aims to compare the efficacy of function word frequency with systemic functional grammar methods in automatically identifying writing styles. Theoretical Framework systemic Functional grammar (SFG) is a component of the social semiotic approach to language known as systemic functional linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). SFG conceptualizes language as a network of systems, or interrelated sets of options for creating meaning. Since the 1960s, SFG has been applied in various contexts within computational linguistics (Matthiessen & Bateman, 1991; Teich, 1995). In SFG, the clause is considered the fundamental unit of language, and it is analyzed through three perspectives, defined as the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. The ideational function is further divided into the experiential and logical aspects (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). This study employs three system networks: conjunction, modality, and comment. These networks correspond to three types of adjuncts: conjunctive adjuncts, mood adjuncts, and comment adjuncts, respectively. In the systemic environment of conjunction, conjunctions function as conjunctive adjuncts within the clause structure. They establish relationships where one segment of text elaborates on, extends, or enhances another segment (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Modal adjuncts express the speaker's or writer's judgment or attitude toward the content of the message. There are two types of modal adjuncts: (i) mood adjuncts and (ii) comment adjuncts. Mood adjuncts and comment adjuncts are categorized within the modality and comment adjunct system networks, respectively. Modality encompasses intermediate degrees between positive and negative poles, defining the region of uncertainty between 'yes' and 'no.' The modality system allows writers to qualify events or entities in terms of their probability, typicality, obligation, or inclination (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). The comment adjunct system provides a means for the writer to comment on the status of a message concerning the textual and interactive context of the discourse (Argamon et al., 2007). Comments can target either the ideational content of the proposition or the interpersonal aspects of the speech function (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Method A corpus was compiled from the works of seven contemporary Persian writers: Hoshang Golshiri, Bozorg Alavi, Ahmad Mahmoud, Mahmoud Dolatabadi, Nader Ebrahimi, Jalal Al-e Ahmad, and Gholamhossein Saedi, totaling 2,069,243 words. From this corpus, a list of 197 function words was extracted using the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) technique. Conjunction, modality, and comment adjunct system networks were then used to create a lexicon. An author identification system was designed using machine learning techniques. The system tokenized the texts, extracted instances of lexical units specified in the lexicon, and computed the relative frequencies of semantic attribute values for each text, resulting in an overall "feature vector" that described each text. This approach was inspired by the method introduced by Argamon et al. (2007). For the learning phase, a multilayer perceptron classifier, a type of neural network, was utilized. Results To evaluate the system, the collected corpus was divided into five segments, and a 5-fold cross-validation method was applied. The 5-fold cross-validation demonstrated a satisfactory accuracy when focusing exclusively on function words. The combined use of function words and SFG methods achieved an accuracy of 74.47% for Persian author identification. Subsequent feature selection identified the most effective features for the machine learning phase. The results indicated that the relative frequency of function words outperformed SFG-based attributes in terms of effectiveness. Discussion and Conclusions The evaluation phase revealed that the function words-based method outperformed the systemic functional grammar (SFG) approach in identifying authors. However, the simultaneous use of both methods improved effectiveness compared to using either method alone. The superior performance of the function words-based method may be attributed to the high frequency of function words and the author’s unconscious control over their use. Among the SFG-based features, the combination of top features—namely conjunctive, mood, and comment adjuncts—produced higher accuracy than any single system network alone. Additionally, the results from feature selection indicated that features derived from the modality system network were more effective than those from the conjunction and comment adjunct system networks for Persian author identification. Overall, while the function words-based method proved to be highly effective on its own, integrating it with SFG-based methods provided a more comprehensive approach, enhancing the accuracy of author identification.  

Introduction: This research analyzes and evaluates modalization based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar (SFG) in the Azerbaijani Turkish language. In this SFG-based approach, mood and modality are examined within the mood structure which consists of two parts: (i) mood with elements of subject and finite and (ii) residue. In short, modality in this system refers to the space between two polarities, namely 'yes' and 'no'. In modalization, the commodity being exchanged is information and the utterance is considered as a proposition in which the speaker's attitude to the event is in the form of degrees of probability or possibility of occurrence or degrees of usuality,this means the possibility of recurrence. Despite the lack of attention to modality and its integration into the concept of mood in the Turkish grammar, the concept of modality in this system has been significantly distinguished from the category of mood. This research is an attempt to address the issues about (i) the presentation of modalization, (ii) the role of adjuncts in distinguishing between degrees of certainty and usuality and (iii) the presentation of past and present tense in mood finites in the Turkish language. Methods & Materials: First of all, to investigate modalization in the Azerbaijani Turkish language, the elements and constituents that make up mood structure and modalization in terms of possibility of occurrence, frequency, degrees, levels and elements involved in their formation were examined. In so doing, Azerbaijani Turkish clauses and their English and Persian equivalents were used. The theoretical framework of the current analysis was based on the mood structure in SFG) and the corpus was taken from the clauses in the literary and fictional sources in the Turkish language. The concept of modality has not been mentioned at all in the sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar, and no study was found in the literature to address this issue based on SFG. Aijmer (2016), Nuyts (2001), Eggins (2004), and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) have widely examined modality based on SFG. Considering the integration of the concept of mood and modality in Turkish grammar, the aim of this research was to study the Azerbaijani Turkish language based on an approach that can make a clear distinction between these two categories. Discussion: The findings show that the mood structure in the Turkish language is also made up of two parts: mood and residue. The mood itself is composed of two components: the subject and the finite, and the residue includes the three functional elements of predicator, complement and adjunct. Results also show that predicators are an integral part of the mood structure and determine the presence, absence and number of complements in this constituent, while the presence of adjuncts in this structure is not mandatory and they can be removed from the clause. Concerning modalization, the study of the syntactic behavior of the elements and the morphemes involved in the clauses indicates that Azerbaijani Turkish expresses modality with "high" and "medium" degrees of certainty by means of the finite-mali. Also, unlike the English language that uses different finites, i. e., may and could, Azerbaijani Turkish uses the morpheme-abil which does not represent the semantic differences in its English equivalents. Examining the clauses of modalization in terms of probability and only with the presence of mood adjuncts showed that the ambiguity in Azerbaijani Turkish in terms of making a distinction in the degree of probability of occurrence is removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts. Furthermore, examining the modalization in terms of usuality with the presence of adjuncts of frequency in Azerbaijani Turkish showed that there is no ambiguity in the levels of usuality. A third state related to modalization in terms of probability with high and low degrees of certainty was also found. It was evident that the mood finites and the mood adjuncts were employed simultaneously. Despite the fact that the mood finites are the same in Azerbaijani Turkish, the ambiguity in the distinction between high and medium levels has been removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts,different mood adjuncts have raised the scale of certainty. Finally, the examination of modal verbs showed that in Azerbaijani Turkish-unlike English-the concept of tense does not appear in an integrated form with lexical verbs, but it emerges as a dependent morpheme. These morphemes are-di in the past tense and zero in the present tense. Surprisingly enough, in the current grammar sources of Azerbaijani Turkish, the morpheme-ir is mistakenly introduced as the morpheme of the present tense. Conclusion: Overall, it is concluded that modalization in terms of probability in the Azerbaijani Turkish language is represented in three levels and states: (i) only with the presence of mood finites, (ii) only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and (iii) with the simultaneous presence of mood finites and mood adjuncts. The only difference is that the distinction between high and medium levels and also the semantic distinction between could and may at the low level is not possible in Azerbaijani Turkish. Modalization in terms of usuality is manifested only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and no ambiguity in different levels is observed. Not only the presence of mood adjuncts in modalization removes the ambiguity in the distinction between levels, but also their presence along with the mood finites can raise the degree of certainty of modalization in terms of probability. The combination of the morphemes of modality and tense generates mood finites in Azerbaijani Turkish. The morpheme-di indicates the past tense and its absence indicates the present tense, i. e., zero morpheme. Although the morpheme-ir is often reported to indicate the present tense in the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar sources, the SFG-based approach to Azerbaijani Turkish shows the process of the occurrence of verbs.

Due to the fact that the grammatical sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish language are generally based on traditional grammar and no distinction is made between the elements of tense and aspect in this approach, so the present study examines and compares these two elements in the Turkish and English languages based on the Halliday’, s systemic functional grammar. In the first stage, the conjunctions of tense in Turkish language and then aspect in the form of English sentences with their Turkish equations were compared and examined and the following results were obtained: in all sources of traditional Azerbaijani Turkish grammar conjunctions-'ir ', "ar / ə, r And-miş, , which actually represent the process of occurrence of the verb, are considered as representatives of tense. In other words, in the Turkish traditional grammar we are faced with a kind of fusion of tens and aspect. On the other hand, in the systemic functional grammar, the aforementioned morphemes are not included in the tens group, but, in the residue part, they play the first role of the predicators, i. e., they express the temporal aspect of the occurrence of the verbs. Also it was found that present tense morpheme in the Turkish language –,contrary to the traditional grammar-is represented by the absence of the morpheme ‘,-di’, , that is, with a zero morpheme which according to the systemic functional grammar is placed in the 'predicator section. Tens morphemes in Turkish, unlike in English, which in some cases appear in the form of integration with lexical verbs, are always connected to the lexical verb base in the form of dependent morphemes.

This paper is an attempt to describe the speech of six year-old children within the systemic Functional grammar framework (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) based on the textual metafunction theory. This kind of study is of importance since despite the significance of studying the Persian language, specifically spoken Persian in children's speech area, the number of such studies is limited. The data of the present research includes more than 4200 simple and compound clauses. This spoken data for children was extracted from a research conducted between 1380-1384 entitled as "The Study of Iranian Children's Core Vocabulary" and was obtained from twenty new-entrants-to-primary-school Persian children in Tehran (including randomly selected ten girls and ten boys). Every story was illustrated by three or four colored and communicative pictures. The main results of this research show that: a) The simple clauses made 90 percent of the children's speech, and compound clauses made only 10 percent of them.b)The occurrence rate of marked experiential theme in the speech of children was 18 percent.c)Subject pronoun deletion was a dominant, unmarked intent and its rate is about 55 percent.d)In the spoken language of children, the rate of using compound/multiple themes is 30 percent.e)The below hierarchy was observed in sequences of compound/multiple themes in spoken language of Persian children: textual-experiential (98%)>interpersonal-experiential (1.5%)> Textual-interpersonal-experiential (0.5%) f)The textual themes have been used in 98% of the compound/multiple themes.g)The most frequent textual themes were /ba'ad/ and its varieties and after that /digar/ and its varieties.h)The most frequent textual themes in the subordinate clauses were /ke/ and after that /ta/ which was used in a lower frequency.i)In the speech of children, the occurrence of interpersonal themes was only two percent amongst compound/multiple themes.

Although there is a myriad of theoretical and pedagogical research studies into L2 grammar, the instruction in this area remains traditional and there have been calls for more usage-based approaches that can fill the gap between theory and practice. Accordingly, this quasi-experimental compared the effects of two pedagogical frameworks, namely systemic-Theoretical Instruction (STI), derived from Vygotsky‟ s ideas and proposed by Gal‟ perin and discovery learning (DL), derived from Piaget‟ s ideas mainly proposed by Bruner, on learning English tense-aspect system. To this end, 71 Iranian low-intermediate EFL learners, aged 12 to 19, were instructed in three groups through STI, DL (experimental) and traditional method (comparison). They took a pretest, a posttest and a delayed posttest consisting of grammar tests checking their receptive and productive grammar knowledge. Results of one‐ way repeated‐ measures analyses of ANOVA revealed that all groups improved significantly in both the entire test and its subcomponents in the immediate posttest, suggesting that the three kinds of form-focused intervention were efficient in creating immediate progress. However, significant differences were identified among the groups in the delayed posttest accounting for the inadequacy of traditional method of instruction in the long run, and for the superiority of STI over DL. These findings can have significant implications for materials developers and teacher education programs in considering the tenets of more innovative approaches such as STI through systematic representations of target language features by taking advantage of materialized tools and verbalization in teaching.

In the present article, theme-theme structure in clause-complexes of specialized texts (such as biochemistry, physics and anatomy) is studied based on SFG. At first, clause-complexes types in theme-theme structure of scientific texts are classified, and by describing and analyzing different types of clause-complexes (dependent/ dominant) it is revealed that these clauses are used more than simple ones within the whole corpus. Then, theme-theme structure is analyzed, and the result illustrates that clause analysis is possible at one, two or three layers at the same time, depending on the clause type. Therefore, one can find layers of themes in such clauses and introduce the notion of layer theme. Studying simple/complex themes revealed that in the scientific genre, complex themes are used more than textual ones. This is because the sequences of textual themes in the scientific texts are something usual. Complex clauses, complex themes and multiple layers of clause analysis indicate speech adjuncts in scientific texts, and consideration of such structural elements is effective in discourse organizing, text development and perception process. This is useful for text evaluation and can be considered as a criterion for transfer of information to the addressee, as it is seen in physics, biochemistry and anatomy texts respectively.

The present study intends to examine how political discourse employs nominalization to describe events and occurrences and for what specific purposes. The research aims to explore how actions and reactions are foregrounded and backgrounded in the ideological representation of texts. To achieve this goal, the speeches of the ex-presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, subsequent to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, have been selected for critical discourse analysis. The first stage of data analysis involves identifying and analyzing 508 clauses. The second phase examines the use of nominalization metaphors in the coverage of developments surrounding the nuclear agreement during the period from the US withdrawal from the agreement to Iran's fifth step in reducing its JCPOA commitments. To demonstrate the role of nominalization in the various representations of a single event in rival discourse media, two domestic and two foreign media outlets are examined. The data in this section also includes eight news titles from the above-mentioned media outlets in five specific time periods, in which a significant development surrounding the JCPOA has taken place. The results indicate that nominalization metaphors are not used to eliminate the agent from the center of attention, but rather to highlight their own actions. Rival discourses use these highlights to elicit their own desired meaning to the audience, both in the arrangement of the speeches of the two presidents and in the coverage of political developments surrounding the nuclear agreement by the media.

The most part of Golestan-e Sa’di involves literary pedagogical genre in moral kind. The inclusion of “moral musts” in pedagogical works and their relation with the concept of compulsion can make a clear and commanding tone in speech and then will cause hatred in audience and his speech will have no effect then. Within the grammatical category of Modality in the framework of systemic functional grammar and as a stylistic study, the article attempts to answer this question that what techniques did Sa’di use in Golestan in composing pedagogical themes so that no only his speech and work is not tiring, but also he attracted a lot of audiences along history.After stating the problem, reviewing the literature regarding modality in Iran and brief introducing of functional stylistics, the article describes the modality category from Halliday perspective. After that, some examples of stylistic analysis are provided in some selected texts like Golestan, based on the modality variable, along with the chart of data statistics and after that the analysis of data is provided and finally the results and findings are stated.The statistical results of the study show that different facilities of modality is used in the explanation of pedagogical themes in Golestan that simultaneously keeps the origin of pedagogical themes and makes the speech indirect and decreases its directness and increases the subtilty of speech tone and finally its impression.

Halliday`s systemic Functional grammar analyzes text in context. Based on this theory, in the study of texts, , we are faced with three metafunctions: Ideational metafunction, Interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction, that Ideational metafunction divided into experiential and logical ones. In experiential metafunctions the six processes, participants, and circumstances are analyzed. According to some experts, Garshasbnameh is the best heroic poem after Shahnameh among heroic texts. For this reason, in this study, the Tahmidiyehs of Shahnameh and Garshasbnameh have been selected for comparison based on Ideational metafunction of the Halliday`s systemic Functional grammar to determine how similar the Tahmidiyehs of these two works are linguistically and if we assume that Asadi has tried to write a work like Ferdowsi’ s Shahnameh, how much has he achieved his goal? After the study, it was found that in both Shahnameh and Garshasbnameh, the material process has the highest percentage. According to the genre of these two works, which is epic, this result and attention to the material process is predictable. Since the nature of Tahmidiyeh is to praise God, God is the main participant in most of these processes and the percentages are almost equal. It can be acknowledged, with a little forgiveness, Asadi has been able to follow in the footsteps of Ferdowsi in composing the Tahmidiyeh of Garshasbnameh, and the Tahmidiyeh of Garshasbnameh is equal to the Tahmidiyeh of Shahnameh from the view point of Ideational metafunction.

Autism, first introduced by Bleuler (1940) and later developed by Kanner (1940), is a neurodevelopmental disorder that poses challenges in communication for autistic individuals, hindering their social interactions and activities. Autism encompasses cognitive and linguistic difficulties, with genetics believed to be a contributing factor. Symptoms often become evident between 18 to 36 months of age. Autistic individuals commonly struggle with verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction, and other activities. Communication difficulties are a core characteristic of autism, with approximately 50% of autistic individuals being unable to use language for communication. A notable trait is the avoidance of the pronoun "I, " and the repetition of words and phrases, known as 'echolalia. ' There is a wide spectrum of language development among autistic individuals, ranging from those who never speak to those who exhibit slow comprehension despite fluent speech. This spectrum includes both mild and severe forms of autism, with some severely affected individuals being non-verbal or having echolalia. Milder cases learn language but tend to use words and expressions based on their own perspectives, making simple conversations challenging. The speech performance of autistic individuals has been a subject of controversy in psychology, as their appearance is often similar to non-autistic individuals, making it difficult for families to recognize and accept their children's challenges. This lack of recognition can lead to frustration for parents, who may not receive the verbal and practical affection they need.